Tsunamis have been a ubiquitous phenomenon around the world, with several notable examples occurring within the past 2 decades. As such, we propose an earthquake-triggered, submarine mass failure source mechanism for the 1994 Mindoro tsunami. In contrast, the EQ+SMF model tsunami wave height estimates were closer to the observed data. Modeled wave heights from the EQ-only model drastically underestimates the observed wave heights for the 1994 Mindoro tsunami. The source mechanisms for both models included an earthquake component based on the M w 7.1 earthquake, while the EQ+SMF also included an additional submarine mass failure component based on the mapped San Andres submarine mass failure. We also explored two tsunami models (EQ-only and EQ+SMF) for the 1994 Mindoro tsunami using JAGURS. The San Andres submarine mass failure has an estimated volume of 0.0483 km 3 and is located within the Malaylay Submarine Canyon System in the Verde Island Passage, ∼1 km offshore of San Andres in Baco, Oriental Mindoro.

Among the important submarine features mapped include the San Andres submarine mass failure (SASMF). Identification of submarine features were based on Red Relief Image Map (RIMM), Topographic Position Index (topographic position index)-based landform classification, and profile and plan curvatures derived from high-resolution bathymetry data. In this study, we conducted submarine geomorphological mapping of the South Pass within the Verde Island Passage, with particular focus on identifying possible submarine mass failures. Despite the close spatial and temporal association between the 1994 Mindoro earthquake and tsunami, previous numerical modeling suggests the need for other contributing mechanisms for the 1994 tsunami. A total of 78 lives were lost due to the earthquake and tsunami, with 41 being directly attributed to the tsunami alone. The tsunami affected the coasts surrounding the Verde Island Passage, one of the Philippines’ insular seas located between the islands of Luzon and Mindoro, and east of the West Philippine Sea margin. The 1994 Mindoro tsunami followed a M w 7.1 earthquake along the right-lateral Aglubang River Fault. Of earthquake-generated tsunamis, those arising from strike-slip mechanisms are less common, with the 1994 Mindoro tsunami in the Philippines among the few known examples. Tsunamis have been known to result from a wide range of phenomena, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, submarine mass failures, and meteorite impacts. 5Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.4National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Japan.3Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.2Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City, Philippines.1National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.Narag 2 Toshitaka Baba 3 Naotaka Chikasada 4 Kenji Satake 5

San andreas quake 2015 sub indo